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Old 04-06-2016, 08:56 AM   #1
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Default Rabies newish research

New Guidelines for Pets That Are Overdue for Rabies Boosters
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Old 04-06-2016, 10:25 AM   #2
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Yikes. The good news is the article includes links to the peer-reviewed research articles cited in the article (behind a paywall, except for the abstracts, of course). The bad news is that the headline "Despite the Law, Here's Proof Your Pet Probably Doesn't Need This Vaccine" is misleading, since the articles cited don't prove that at all. In fact, that headline is almost criminal, and it wouldn't surprise me if the author changes it after receiving complaints from veterinarians.

Last edited by pstinard; 04-06-2016 at 10:27 AM.
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Old 04-06-2016, 02:36 PM   #3
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I agree although her original link describes a title of New guidelines for pets that are overdue for Rabies booster.

The remaining 19 dogs with out-of-date vaccinations had a median pre-booster titer of 2.0 IU/mL –well over the ≥ 0.5 IU/mL that indicates protection against the virus.

This quote from the article is surprising to me, as I did not know that in North America that there is scientific agreement on titering values for Rabies protection. I do know in Europe - specifically England they require a Rabies titer before allowing any dog into their country. A rabies certificate is not enough you must titer your dog. I wonder what England knows that we do not?
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Old 04-06-2016, 02:40 PM   #4
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This is a subject near n dear to my heart as my decision to titer for Rabies has kept me from competing in the States with my seniors and also at the Sportsman show here in Canada and the Pet Expo who insist on a rabies certificate.
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Old 04-07-2016, 03:18 AM   #5
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Quote:
Originally Posted by pstinard View Post
Yikes. The good news is the article includes links to the peer-reviewed research articles cited in the article (behind a paywall, except for the abstracts, of course). The bad news is that the headline "Despite the Law, Here's Proof Your Pet Probably Doesn't Need This Vaccine" is misleading, since the articles cited don't prove that at all. In fact, that headline is almost criminal, and it wouldn't surprise me if the author changes it after receiving complaints from veterinarians.
All of these types of articles tend to do this sort of thing. I agree it sounds criminal!
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Old 04-07-2016, 06:56 AM   #6
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Thanks for the info
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Old 04-07-2016, 08:18 AM   #7
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I agree although her original link describes a title of New guidelines for pets that are overdue for Rabies booster.

The remaining 19 dogs with out-of-date vaccinations had a median pre-booster titer of 2.0 IU/mL –well over the ≥ 0.5 IU/mL that indicates protection against the virus.

This quote from the article is surprising to me, as I did not know that in North America that there is scientific agreement on titering values for Rabies protection. I do know in Europe - specifically England they require a Rabies titer before allowing any dog into their country. A rabies certificate is not enough you must titer your dog. I wonder what England knows that we do not?
I'm on it. Here is one research article that says that antibody titers are NOT sufficient to indicate rabies immunity:http://www.pnas.org/content/83/20/7947.full.pdf

"This study also shows that a minimum virus-neutralizing antibody titer is not widely applicable as an indication of adequate animal vaccination, especially in wildlife species, unlike the arbitrarily defined level of 0.5 unit/ml in humans, which is considered indicative of successful rabies immunization (22). As an illustration, raccoon 40 had a virus-neutralizing antibody titer of 1.3 units/ml at the time of challenge but died following inoculation with rabies virus, whereas raccoons 56 and 57 survived challenge with virus-neutralizing antibody titers of 0.6 unit/ml. Other raccoons, immunized i.m. or orally with V-RG, or parenterally with live ERA RV 194-2 virus, died following rabies inoculation despite titers in the range of 0.6-9.0 units/ml on the day of challenge (C.E.R., unpublished data). Clearly, virus-neutralizing antibody titer alone is unsuitable as the sole criterion of successful rabies immunization. A protective index may be defined for a particular study, but other factors besides specific humoral responses are important in host defense against rabies (23). It remains uncertain whether a minimum virus-neutralizing antibody titer can be correlated with protection."
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Old 04-07-2016, 08:29 AM   #8
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On the other hand, here is a European review article that cites research showing that antibody titers DO prove immunity in the vast majority of cases: http://www.canisethica.org/app/downl...ert+_+1993.PDF

I guess we'll have to dig deeper into this :-)
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Old 04-07-2016, 08:43 AM   #9
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Here is a link to a US group that is studying duration of immunity for rabies vaccinations using challenge studies: Duration of Immunity Study for Rabies Vaccine - Rabies Challenge Fund

From their February 21, 2016 update (http://www.rabieschallengefund.org/l...hallenge-trial ):

"Fifteen dogs were included in this trial. Only one of the 5 dogs vaccinated in 2007 showed protection against rabies, while 4 of 5 dogs vaccinated in 2009 (80%) demonstrated protection against a rabies virus challenge. Once all 5 of the unvaccinated control dogs showed the very early clinical signs of rabies virus infection, they were humanely euthanized.

Per CFR’s Title 9 recommendations, the surviving 5 vaccinates will remain under observation for another 6 weeks to detect late development of any clinical signs of rabies."

So the vaccination failed after nine years, but was 80% effective after 7 years. Unfortunately, this brief report does not give the titer values, although it mentions that these data were collected.
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Old 04-07-2016, 09:05 AM   #10
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Originally Posted by pstinard View Post
Here is a link to a US group that is studying duration of immunity for rabies vaccinations using challenge studies: Duration of Immunity Study for Rabies Vaccine - Rabies Challenge Fund

From their February 21, 2016 update (SUMMARY OF LATEST RABIES CHALLENGE TRIAL - Rabies Challenge Fund ):

"Fifteen dogs were included in this trial. Only one of the 5 dogs vaccinated in 2007 showed protection against rabies, while 4 of 5 dogs vaccinated in 2009 (80%) demonstrated protection against a rabies virus challenge. Once all 5 of the unvaccinated control dogs showed the very early clinical signs of rabies virus infection, they were humanely euthanized.

Per CFR’s Title 9 recommendations, the surviving 5 vaccinates will remain under observation for another 6 weeks to detect late development of any clinical signs of rabies."

So the vaccination failed after nine years, but was 80% effective after 7 years. Unfortunately, this brief report does not give the titer values, although it mentions that these data were collected.

This is the research information (perhaps not from THIS specific source, I cant remember!) that has led me to my decision to provide rabies vaccinations every 7 years to my dogs. This is information that has been around for years, since it has been years since I have chosen to go this route. I decided on a 7 year limitation because I felt they would not be "overdosed" on that vaccination schedule, yet they would be protected their entire lives.
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Old 04-09-2016, 05:02 AM   #11
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Quote:
Originally Posted by pstinard View Post
Here is a link to a US group that is studying duration of immunity for rabies vaccinations using challenge studies: Duration of Immunity Study for Rabies Vaccine - Rabies Challenge Fund

From their February 21, 2016 update (SUMMARY OF LATEST RABIES CHALLENGE TRIAL - Rabies Challenge Fund ):

"Fifteen dogs were included in this trial. Only one of the 5 dogs vaccinated in 2007 showed protection against rabies, while 4 of 5 dogs vaccinated in 2009 (80%) demonstrated protection against a rabies virus challenge. Once all 5 of the unvaccinated control dogs showed the very early clinical signs of rabies virus infection, they were humanely euthanized.

Per CFR’s Title 9 recommendations, the surviving 5 vaccinates will remain under observation for another 6 weeks to detect late development of any clinical signs of rabies."

So the vaccination failed after nine years, but was 80% effective after 7 years. Unfortunately, this brief report does not give the titer values, although it mentions that these data were collected.
80% effective after 7 years seems like it's not effective. This is why I just vaccinate every 3 years. In my state, if you don't have paperwork then the dog can be quarantined in a state shelter (and not even at your vet). I'd rather vaccinate than risk quarantine.
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Old 04-09-2016, 05:30 AM   #12
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I'm on it. Here is one research article that says that antibody titers are NOT sufficient to indicate rabies immunity:http://www.pnas.org/content/83/20/7947.full.pdf

"This study also shows that a minimum virus-neutralizing antibody titer is not widely applicable as an indication of adequate animal vaccination, especially in wildlife species, unlike the arbitrarily defined level of 0.5 unit/ml in humans, which is considered indicative of successful rabies immunization (22). As an illustration, raccoon 40 had a virus-neutralizing antibody titer of 1.3 units/ml at the time of challenge but died following inoculation with rabies virus, whereas raccoons 56 and 57 survived challenge with virus-neutralizing antibody titers of 0.6 unit/ml. Other raccoons, immunized i.m. or orally with V-RG, or parenterally with live ERA RV 194-2 virus, died following rabies inoculation despite titers in the range of 0.6-9.0 units/ml on the day of challenge (C.E.R., unpublished data). Clearly, virus-neutralizing antibody titer alone is unsuitable as the sole criterion of successful rabies immunization. A protective index may be defined for a particular study, but other factors besides specific humoral responses are important in host defense against rabies (23). It remains uncertain whether a minimum virus-neutralizing antibody titer can be correlated with protection."
And this is why I always say titering is mostly just a total waste of money. All it measures is humoral immunity - it does NOT measure cell-mediated immunity.

You can have a positive titer, but not have celll-mediated immunity and therefore cannot fight the disease -or- you can have a negative titer, but have cell-mediated immunity and will be able to fight the disease. So there is really no point in knowing the status of humoral immunity since it means almost nothing.
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Old 04-09-2016, 06:00 AM   #13
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80% effective after 7 years seems like it's not effective. This is why I just vaccinate every 3 years. In my state, if you don't have paperwork then the dog can be quarantined in a state shelter (and not even at your vet). I'd rather vaccinate than risk quarantine.
I agree, 80% does seem like it's not good enough, plus the study only included 5 dogs, so this percentage could very well be off. Challenge studies are very difficult to do, because you have to follow a large number of dogs for a long period of time, and then expose them to rabies, which could result in death. But until they develop alternatives that are proven to be as good as challenge studies, challenge studies are the way to go in proving immunity. Nine years is definitely too long to go without a rabies vaccination, and seven years doesn't look that great. Maybe they will eventually settle on a shorter time like five years, but they need to collect more data first. Basically, they need to come up with a length of time where the risk of catching rabies is less than the risk of adverse effects from vaccination, and balance that with the risk to humans and other animals of having a dog with rabies running around. They thought they could get around doing challenge studies by measuring antibody titers, but as Wylie's Mom points out, titers don't tell the whole story--hence the existence of animals with high titers that are not immune to rabies. I've been blessed that Bella does not have a bad reaction to rabies vaccine, so for now, we're content to have her vaccinated every three years.
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Old 04-09-2016, 07:05 AM   #14
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I agree, 80% does seem like it's not good enough, plus the study only included 5 dogs, so this percentage could very well be off. Challenge studies are very difficult to do, because you have to follow a large number of dogs for a long period of time, and then expose them to rabies, which could result in death. But until they develop alternatives that are proven to be as good as challenge studies, challenge studies are the way to go in proving immunity. Nine years is definitely too long to go without a rabies vaccination, and seven years doesn't look that great. Maybe they will eventually settle on a shorter time like five years, but they need to collect more data first. Basically, they need to come up with a length of time where the risk of catching rabies is less than the risk of adverse effects from vaccination, and balance that with the risk to humans and other animals of having a dog with rabies running around. They thought they could get around doing challenge studies by measuring antibody titers, but as Wylie's Mom points out, titers don't tell the whole story--hence the existence of animals with high titers that are not immune to rabies. I've been blessed that Bella does not have a bad reaction to rabies vaccine, so for now, we're content to have her vaccinated every three years.

I'm totally with you and Ann on titers. We do rabies every three years also. It seems stupid when they're getting old but mine are pushing 16 and vaccines haven't killed them yet. I do wish my state had a tight medical exemption for dogs with immune mediated diseases where the rabies vaccine is truly contraindicated. They voted to do it, then it never made it. For now, I'm ok with three years. In my state if you are one day overdo on 3year paperwork, you have to vaccinate and then again in 1 year. So basically it's not worth missing it.
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Old 04-09-2016, 08:40 AM   #15
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I'm totally with you and Ann on titers. We do rabies every three years also. It seems stupid when they're getting old but mine are pushing 16 and vaccines haven't killed them yet. I do wish my state had a tight medical exemption for dogs with immune mediated diseases where the rabies vaccine is truly contraindicated. They voted to do it, then it never made it. For now, I'm ok with three years. In my state if you are one day overdo on 3year paperwork, you have to vaccinate and then again in 1 year. So basically it's not worth missing it.
Wow, so are you saying in your state you cannot get a rabies exemption ? If yes, bummer! That's really too bad...
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