YorkieTalk.com Forums - Yorkshire Terrier Community

YorkieTalk.com Forums - Yorkshire Terrier Community (https://www.yorkietalk.com/forums/index.php)
-   General Yorkshire Terrier Discussion (https://www.yorkietalk.com/forums/general-yorkshire-terrier-discussion/)
-   -   Tail Docking - Yes or No (https://www.yorkietalk.com/forums/general-yorkshire-terrier-discussion/279513-tail-docking-yes-no.html)

SirTeddykins 11-01-2014 02:22 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by gemy (Post 4502486)
Seriously you mean as human thumbs ? The research article written by a vet for the Royal Vet Society of England (which I will find later) stated this but did not say it was an exact replica of a human thumb hence the "like" statement. I will find that for you when I don't have to sneak time on YT on a busy Saturday with the family..lol With flexion extension, opposition and full rotary movement? Wow with two dogs with dew claws I have never seen that! sarcasm = noted and humor shared :)


What I have learnt is that dew claws on sharp turns act as an extra balancing aid to tortional twisting movements. then without rotary ability this is acknowledgement that it is functional and shouldn't be removed in the event it MAY be damaged on SOME dogs - thank you


In terms of the appendix :Scientists Finally Discover The Function of the Human Appendix : Political Blind Spot


I am reminded of a quote :"that what we know of the human body and its functions, is far surpassed by what *we don't know*| I would agree this is correct and extend this to all species
"


We also don't do ovariohysterecomy on 6mth old female humans. or castrate male humans at 6mths old. Although for certain groups of humans not too far back maybe 50-60 years ago it was done on young adult humans....


Dogs are a part of the animal kingdom. Their physiology is different to humans in ways, we only partially know and in particular the implications of that difference. Not to mention how their brain works, although research is coming along on that front. I work in cognitive neuropsychology and we extrapolate a lot of research findings from primates, canines and felines to humans. A lot more is known than what is shared or can be understood by lay people but I am always happy to share what is theorized or believed to be known to date with anyone. Just let me know!!


There are a few breeds that are borne with naturally short tails. I kind of wonder if a long tail is so necessary for communication, why did nature evolve a short tail on those breeds? Correct, some breeds have evolved with short tails. Not the YT. That is my point. We cannot generalize on the basis that SOME dogs are working dogs so YT's must have their tails docked. That is illogical.


Our canines today, and the wonderfull diversity of the pure bred dogs, that the public can choose from, are from the selected breedings that humans many years ago decided to do! We mayhap have interfered with Nature. Or maybe Nature intended us to interfere. Who knows? Not I nor you. Nature does not intend for us to interfere......we make that choice and then we live with either the betterment or the detriment that results. But, making choices on behalf of others due to our preference, I think, is wrong. Otherwise, let me insist that in my profession we research how to manipulate your mind to make you not want to do things I prefer for you to not do and say that nature intended it to be so by giving me the knowledge, thus the ability, to do so.


My decision as a breeder to dock or not a tail, will be first and foremost done on *all the health factors* involved. Should I be given that choice and not mandated by law to do what-ever the law says. Thankfully I live in a province where it is still breeders choice. And this goes with dew claw removal as well.



Gemy, thank you. You always offer such comprehensive rebuttal and it really is nice to see that you put so much thought into your replies.


For my part, I have yet to see the benefit to the YT, specifically in tail docking.


In fairness, two main arguments have come to light:


1. Dogs may have their tails injured
2. We like it this way - it is not illegal - so it continues


Both arguments are invalid for the reasons I (and others) have previously stated, in my opinion.


And, although I do not agree with the reasons given to validate this practice, I respect that choice as long as you have been given the freedom to choose.


However, I resent that the choice has been removed from the dogs. Maybe, in time, I will event a brain machine that reads their thoughts and they can let us know what they prefer if we bother to ask.


Doctorate - here I come!:)


Have a great weekend everyone!

dinkster 11-01-2014 03:42 AM

just to put in my two cents: I would prefer that it were not the "breed standard."
And I can't understand how something could be the breed standard when not a Yorkie on the planet is born or bred with a docked tail.

dinkster 11-01-2014 03:49 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Wylie's Mom (Post 4502188)
Anyone interested in this subject should definitely watch the tail docking videos on youtube, to decide whether this is a painful or not painful procedure...and to simply just educate yourself on the process.

As far as any data regarding tail injury increases in countries where tail docking is banned - I have a problem with this data. Let's say we docked the back left leg as standard practice -- well, okay, then we would not see injury reports on the back left leg...however if we then banned the docking of the back left leg - we would then see, of course (!), a huge increase in injuries to the back left leg bc those injuries didn't previously have a way to exist. Just bc there is a "potential" for injury, it does correlate (for me) to amputating that part of the body. No way.

So, that kind of data doesn't do anything to convince me that there is substantial and increased danger in having a tail. They're MEANT to have this tail, for pete's sake. If they weren't, evolution would certainly step in at some point.

I was thinking the same thing: no tail, no tail injuries. no left leg, no left leg injuries.
Also, if we want data on Yorkies, I wonder if UK would have that since they don't allow docking? Are Yorkies there incurring tail injuries more than other breeds? or fewer?

dinkster 11-01-2014 03:54 AM

"The dog doesn't need his tail to be happy, healthy, run, [COLOR=green !important][COLOR=green !important]work[/COLOR][/COLOR], play, live his life - he needs his legs.

Your argument of keeping statistics on missing parts vs. present parts is a non-starter, as tails are not vital to the health or well-being of a dog's life as a leg is. Since legs are actually used as part of daily life when arising, lying down, walking, running, jumping, sitting, etc., their injuries would by far surpass that of tail injury. Besides, in the real world - the whole world over, statistics of tail injury only work if the injuries are actually reported by owners and reported by the vets - and likely rural, [COLOR=green !important][COLOR=green !important]farm[/COLOR][/COLOR] and deep urban and third world country areas where dogs get little care have very few tail injuries cared for by anybody, let alone vets and very little vet reporting to any oversight or fact-gathering agency. Broken legs even get left to self-heal, so imagine how little a tail injury gets tended to professionally and pain medication given. "

I wish there were a like button!

Wylie's Mom 11-01-2014 05:50 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by SirTeddykins (Post 4502484)
:thumbup:


Removal of dew claws


Contrary to some opinion, the removal of dogs' dew claws is not currently illegal under the Animal Welfare Act.
While it is illegal under the mutilations clause of the Act to carry out a prohibited procedure which involves interference with the sensitive tissues or bone structure of a protected animal otherwise than for the purpose of its medical treatment, permitted procedures are listed in the Mutilations (Permitted Procedures) (England) Regulations 2007.
Schedule 1 of the regulations lists the removal of the dew claws of dogs as a permitted procedure. Schedule 9 goes on to clarify that anaesthetic must be administered except where the dog is a puppy whose eyes have not yet opened as per the Veterinary Surgeons Act. Therefore legislation in relation to dewclaws remains unchanged and a layperson or veterinary surgeon may continue to remove the dewclaws of puppies whose eyes have not yet opened.
The Kennel Club's position is that it does not support the cosmetic removal of dew claws. It does recognise however that in certain individual circumstances the removal of dew claws is in the best interests of a dog's welfare.
It should also be noted that there is no requirement within any of the Kennel Club Breed Standards that dew claws must be removed.
Last updated - July 2014

- See more at: Removal of dew claws ? The Kennel Club


Allowed FOR NOW in certain circumstances. Further reading, elsewhere, will show that MOST dogs have no problems at all EVER with their dewclaws and that they are actually used as thumbs.


There is a chance that our appendix may burst at some point in our lives. Appendicitis is often FATAL in children. The appendix has NO KNOWN function. Yet, we do not remove the appendix from our 2 day old infant children.


Just saying.

:thumbup::thumbup::thumbup:

Yesterday, I too was going to bring up the whole appendix thing and then forgot. Also, same thing w/ the spleen. :)

yorkietalkjilly 11-01-2014 11:05 AM

The appendix isn't conveniently or easily removed as a young puppy's tail is docked. The appendix removal requires the risk of fully anesthetizing a new-born infant plus an open-cutting operative procedure into the torso near the bowel, not a 60 second procedure on an appendage that requires neither. Should the bowel be nicked during the appendectomy, the surgeon can have a really dire situation as the whole peritoneal cavity is flooded with bacteria. When it goes wrong, an inflamed appendix and its removal can cause a bushel of serious medical problems and death.

If the appendix were hanging onto the end of the outside of the body and it wasn't dangerous or painful to do so, no doubt it could be removed if the parents decided they wanted that preventative measure, on either gender, at about the same time in the infant's life that the male's foreskin is taken to prevent the possibility of future disease. And when the appendix becomes inflamed, besides the dangerous surgery, it can develop into sepsis, a deadly condition that kills one-third of those who get it worldwide.

gemy 11-01-2014 12:21 PM

I am going to say something, I said before, but worth saying again. If you don't like the breed standard, and want to make a difference then join your YT breed club. Then you become eligible to vote and to partake of standard discussions!


But that is not the only reason, as a fancier of the breed, you should join your YT Club, and here it is, bold and simple, we need your support and your $$.


Breed clubs often support and fund research, in fact we are often the instigators and agitators for that self same research.


If you don't or can't join, try to stay current with what your local breed club is doing. Support their fundraisers, contribute DNA samples, buccal swabs etc, as the YT breeders try their best to eliminate many of the health concerns of Yorkies.


To dock a tail or not, pales beside the significance of the health concerns of Yorkies. None of which originates from a docked tail.


Linking the docking of a tail, to a human appendectomy, or to amputation of a human leg, or to removal of a spleen is such a specious argument. They quite simply do not compare.


If only such passion could be focussed on funding and finding and supporting health research into Yorkies!!!!!

SirTeddykins 11-02-2014 01:11 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by gemy (Post 4502603)
I am going to say something, I said before, but worth saying again. If you don't like the breed standard, and want to make a difference then join your YT breed club. Then you become eligible to vote and to partake of standard discussions!


But that is not the only reason, as a fancier of the breed, you should join your YT Club, and here it is, bold and simple, we need your support and your $$.


Breed clubs often support and fund research, in fact we are often the instigators and agitators for that self same research.


If you don't or can't join, try to stay current with what your local breed club is doing. Support their fundraisers, contribute DNA samples, buccal swabs etc, as the YT breeders try their best to eliminate many of the health concerns of Yorkies.


To dock a tail or not, pales beside the significance of the health concerns of Yorkies. None of which originates from a docked tail.


Linking the docking of a tail, to a human appendectomy, or to amputation of a human leg, or to removal of a spleen is such a specious argument. They quite simply do not compare.


If only such passion could be focussed on funding and finding and supporting health research into Yorkies!!!!!


Thanks, that's a great suggestion for everyone.


As previously stated, prevention of cruelty to animals is just as important as preventing and treating health issues.


Something being the "norm" or "standard" does not make it okay or acceptable and it takes people to challenge the norm to bring about change for the betterment of all concerned.


NO VOICE = NO CHOICE and I am happy to be that voice.


I would encourage anyone to support any group which cares about the welfare of all animals such as the RSPCA:


If you would like further information about the RSPCA, policies, or governing and branch rules, simply follow these links or send your request in writing to:

RSPCA Supporter Services
Wilberforce Way
Southwater
Horsham
West Sussex
RH13 9RS.


For my part, this debate has left me enlightened but exhausted. I do not know what spurred it on (I think it was Teddy's sweet wagging tail when he greeted me one morning and the rage I felt thinking someone would lop his tail off to meet a "standard"!).


I thoroughly enjoyed some whiskey last night which is enjoying me this morning!


:)

magicgenie 11-02-2014 07:04 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by gemy (Post 4502603)
I am going to say something, I said before, but worth saying again. If you don't like the breed standard, and want to make a difference then join your YT breed club. Then you become eligible to vote and to partake of standard discussions!


But that is not the only reason, as a fancier of the breed, you should join your YT Club, and here it is, bold and simple, we need your support and your $$.


Breed clubs often support and fund research, in fact we are often the instigators and agitators for that self same research.


If you don't or can't join, try to stay current with what your local breed club is doing. Support their fundraisers, contribute DNA samples, buccal swabs etc, as the YT breeders try their best to eliminate many of the health concerns of Yorkies.


To dock a tail or not, pales beside the significance of the health concerns of Yorkies. None of which originates from a docked tail.


Linking the docking of a tail, to a human appendectomy, or to amputation of a human leg, or to removal of a spleen is such a specious argument. They quite simply do not compare.


If only such passion could be focussed on funding and finding and supporting health research into Yorkies!!!!!

Gail, are you suggesting pet owners, as well as breeders, join the breed club? I didn't think they were receptive to having non-breeders as members. Prospective members are screened very carefully for commitment to the current standard, and must pledge to uphold it. If there's anything in the standard you don't like, keep it to yourself until after you become a member, I guess.
Actually, in the YTCA the membership did previously vote on important things such as standard but in recent years those decisions have been made by the board, hence much of the discontent within the club. I'm not a member and am only repeating here what I've understood some members to say.
I agree we need to fund more research as the genetic markers are going to give us much hope in breeding healthier dogs, and if joining the breed club is going to help with that, I hope everyone joins! :)

gemy 11-02-2014 07:30 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by magicgenie (Post 4502756)
Gail, are you suggesting pet owners, as well as breeders, join the breed club? I didn't think they were receptive to having non-breeders as members. Prospective members are screened very carefully for commitment to the current standard, and must pledge to uphold it. If there's anything in the standard you don't like, keep it to yourself until after you become a member, I guess.
Actually, in the YTCA the membership did previously vote on important things such as standard but in recent years those decisions have been made by the board, hence much of the discontent within the club. I'm not a member and am only repeating here what I've understood some members to say.
I agree we need to fund more research as the genetic markers are going to give us much hope in breeding healthier dogs, and if joining the breed club is going to help with that, I hope everyone joins! :)


I or you would have to look at their bylaws a) at the local club level and b) at the National Level. Look at your membership *rights and duties* as a Regular member. Then look at the requirements of breed associations under the AKC. I am not familiar in detail with the YTCA governance process, but I am with CKC (Canadian Kennel Club).


I do know their are strict governing laws how a Standard is changed and usually a Full Club vote is required. In other words the Board should not be able to submit a standard change to the AKC without a full club vote.


Breeder members in our CKC and in our National Club have extra duties and responsibilities to stay as a member in good standing. You can look at what the CKC says at www.ckc.ca go to the bottom of the first page on the right hand side.


And yes breed fanciers should always be encouraged to join their local/National Club. The challenges of a National Club are many, and we here in Canada have struggled to offer to our pet owners fanciers, some value for the membership $$. We have albeit not consistently, put on annual BBQ's that offer some fun intro activities to do with your dog. Rally o an exhibition of dancing with your dogs, grooming seminars (highly popular), basic obedience, Temperament Tests.


The challenge is volunteer time (as always). Experts in different arenas are few and pretty well over worked.


But the National Breed Club is also responsible for activities surrounding our breed : The Standard, organizing National Shows, Breeders Education Seminars, Judging seminars, responding to information from various sources about the breed. The Health Committee etc etc etc.


No doubt that there is and can be a policy of resistance by some breeders, to input from breed fanciers. But it is very important to source independent non-partisan opinions from the educated lay person, as well as multiple breeders preferably breeding different lines.


So in closing, the bylaws of the YTCA should be available on line at their website, check them out and see what they say!


As a Canadian I can only join as I believe as an associate member, and as such have no rights to vote on anything most especially any proposed standard change. I do how-ever have the right here in Canada to vote, once within the CKC and once with-in our National Club. We are organized differently here as individuals are actual members of the CKC, whereas in the States it is the National Clubs that are members of the AKC.


I hope I have not confused the heck out of you:-)

Wylie's Mom 11-02-2014 07:40 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by SirTeddykins (Post 4502716)
Thanks, that's a great suggestion for everyone.


As previously stated, prevention of cruelty to animals is just as important as preventing and treating health issues.


Something being the "norm" or "standard" does not make it okay or acceptable and it takes people to challenge the norm to bring about change for the betterment of all concerned.


NO VOICE = NO CHOICE and I am happy to be that voice.


I would encourage anyone to support any group which cares about the welfare of all animals such as the RSPCA:


If you would like further information about the RSPCA, policies, or governing and branch rules, simply follow these links or send your request in writing to:

RSPCA Supporter Services
Wilberforce Way
Southwater
Horsham
West Sussex
RH13 9RS.


For my part, this debate has left me enlightened but exhausted. I do not know what spurred it on (I think it was Teddy's sweet wagging tail when he greeted me one morning and the rage I felt thinking someone would lop his tail off to meet a "standard"!).


I thoroughly enjoyed some whiskey last night which is enjoying me this morning!


:)

LOVE the No Voice=No Choice - so simple and true.

I totally support the SPCA - in fact, William Wilberforce is actually one of my all time heroes in history, by far - he was just incredible. One of my fave quotes by him is: If to be feelingly alive to the sufferings of my fellow-creatures is to be a fanatic, I am one of the most incurable fanatics ever permitted to be at large. -- adore that to no end! He was incredible...have you ever seen the movie about him?

Lol....hope the whiskey after effects wear off soon :D!

gemy 11-02-2014 07:46 AM

@Magic Genie: Just briefly checked out the ytca bylaws. And actually I could be an International Member. But not a voting member.


And yes there are 2 sponsors required. At least at CKC you could make your voice heard as any changes to the breed standard must first be approved at the National level - then a full CKC vote is taken and we must have 25% respondents to the proposed change, and 2/3 of that response must vote aye to affirm a standard change.


As befits the importance of a Standard change.

magicgenie 11-02-2014 08:17 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by gemy (Post 4502771)
@Magic Genie: Just briefly checked out the ytca bylaws. And actually I could be an International Member. But not a voting member.


And yes there are 2 sponsors required. At least at CKC you could make your voice heard as any changes to the breed standard must first be approved at the National level - then a full CKC vote is taken and we must have 25% respondents to the proposed change, and 2/3 of that response must vote aye to affirm a standard change.


As befits the importance of a Standard change.

Thanks, Gail, I'm very familiar with the bylaws with regard to applying for membership. One needs 2 sponsors who have been members for at least 4 years, who they've known for at least 2 years, plus 2 additional members supporting the application. So, it's quite a lot for the average pet owner to at this time.
There are regional Yorkshire Terrier clubs that may be easier to join, unfortunately none in my region.
In any case, people do need to get involved if they are to ensure getting good purebred dogs in the future.
I'm geographically in a remote place and searching for internet based ways to participate. Where I am we don't even have any type of kennel club any more. I belong to a small AKC licensed toy breed club in Massachusetts and will volunteer to make and maintain a web site for them since they don't have one. I like to give money here and there, but need a cause to give some energy to as well.:)

magicgenie 11-02-2014 08:37 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Wylie's Mom (Post 4502767)
LOVE the No Voice=No Choice - so simple and true.

I totally support the SPCA - in fact, William Wilberforce is actually one of my all time heroes in history, by far - he was just incredible. One of my fave quotes by him is: If to be feelingly alive to the sufferings of my fellow-creatures is to be a fanatic, I am one of the most incurable fanatics ever permitted to be at large. -- adore that to no end! He was incredible...have you ever seen the movie about him?

Lol....hope the whiskey after effects wear off soon :D!

Wylie's Mom, I'm afraid of the SPCAs as too extreme, in the same league as PETA and HSUS. I enjoy my dogs and my little breeding program but feel they just don't want any of us to have pets, let alone be breeding them. Maybe a new thread educating us on the difference would be educational.:)

Yorkiemom1 11-02-2014 09:08 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by SirTeddykins (Post 4502484)
:thumbup:


Removal of dew claws


Contrary to some opinion, the removal of dogs' dew claws is not currently illegal under the Animal Welfare Act.
While it is illegal under the mutilations clause of the Act to carry out a prohibited procedure which involves interference with the sensitive tissues or bone structure of a protected animal otherwise than for the purpose of its medical treatment, permitted procedures are listed in the Mutilations (Permitted Procedures) (England) Regulations 2007.
Schedule 1 of the regulations lists the removal of the dew claws of dogs as a permitted procedure. Schedule 9 goes on to clarify that anaesthetic must be administered except where the dog is a puppy whose eyes have not yet opened as per the Veterinary Surgeons Act. Therefore legislation in relation to dewclaws remains unchanged and a layperson or veterinary surgeon may continue to remove the dewclaws of puppies whose eyes have not yet opened.
The Kennel Club's position is that it does not support the cosmetic removal of dew claws. It does recognise however that in certain individual circumstances the removal of dew claws is in the best interests of a dog's welfare.
It should also be noted that there is no requirement within any of the Kennel Club Breed Standards that dew claws must be removed.
Last updated - July 2014

- See more at: Removal of dew claws ? The Kennel Club


Allowed FOR NOW in certain circumstances. Further reading, elsewhere, will show that MOST dogs have no problems at all EVER with their dewclaws and that they are actually used as thumbs.


There is a chance that our appendix may burst at some point in our lives. Appendicitis is often FATAL in children. The appendix has NO KNOWN function. Yet, we do not remove the appendix from our 2 day old infant children.


Just saying.

The only reason we do not remove the appendix on new born children is because, unlike tails on dogs, the appendix is an internal organ and requires invasive abdominal surgery. If that little old useless appendix was hanging off our new born's leg or back or chin or butt, we would have it removed too. Like tail docking, it would not be considered a major invasive procedure, who's risks of removal may outweigh the risks of leaving it intact......simple procedure, remove the object, and move forward none the less for wear, but with the knowledge that removal of that object could have very well prevented a major problem from occuring in the future. It was useless, not needed, removal of it caused no problem with the health or development of the dog/newborn.....but it is nothing more than a personal choice. If the parent doesnt mind that useless appendix hanging off their childs chin or butt, then no problem for the parent...may cause problems for the child later, but hey, cross that bridge when you get to it! Dont worry about how much easier it is on the child to have that appendix removed when the child is 2 days old as opposed to waiting for the child to become 40 years old.....

And as we now try to remove that useless appendix which has been left intact, hanging off the babys chin, and the child is now a 40 year old little person, that useless appendix has grown nerve endings and "roots" that now wrap around the facial nerves, even as far up as the optic nerve....NOW, removal of that useless old appendix is a major invasive procedure that can result in paralysis of facial nerves or blindness from involvement around the optic nerve. My goodness....who woud have ever thought such an adorable little cute thing growing on our newborn child/dog
would have caused such horrific challenges and problems for the child/dog later in life. It all boiled down to nothing more than what you prefer...remove this useless little object who's removal had no detrimental health consequences for dog or child when removed early in life....or leave it intact, take your chances and throw the dice.


All times are GMT -8. The time now is 10:46 PM.

Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.9
Copyright ©2000 - 2025, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.
Copyright ©2003 - 2018 YorkieTalk.com
Privacy Policy - Terms of Use


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168