YorkieTalk.com Forums - Yorkshire Terrier Community

YorkieTalk.com Forums - Yorkshire Terrier Community (https://www.yorkietalk.com/forums/index.php)
-   General Yorkshire Terrier Discussion (https://www.yorkietalk.com/forums/general-yorkshire-terrier-discussion/)
-   -   Ohhhh, the ears! Help!! (https://www.yorkietalk.com/forums/general-yorkshire-terrier-discussion/261744-ohhhh-ears-help.html)

Belle Noir 04-25-2013 08:57 PM

I don't know, I have been lucky I guess because both yorkies and the papillon ears stood with no problem. All three of them had up ears when I got them, and though Sabre did need a little help because of the weight of his fur, shaving his ear down did the trick.
The papi is teething again, so we have a bad dog... (the family joke is we know when she's thinking about being a bad dog because one of her ears starts to flop), but her ears will go up again, and papi breeders say if they start with their ears up, they'll end with their ears up.
The Vit C I first heard about from a miniature bull terrier breeder, and then I have seen it off and on again through the years, primarily through the book of Wendell whatever his name is in one of those links, lol.

By the way, I did see that site, but I have no idea what this guys credentials are. How does he have the authority to "provide dog owners with facts about dog breed specific nutritional requirements based on 18 years of Pharmacological testing which identified each dog breed's specific nutritional requirements". as he states?

He says on his site " In the 1970's and 1980's the U.S. Government published many studies that confirmed his findings. These can be found in the 1985 National Research Council book, Nutrient Requirements of Dogs". What were these findings? Where were these finding published? In what journal were they peer reviewed?
We know it for a fact that two different breeds of dogs have different nutritional requirements. However, the fact remains that two different dogs within the same breed can have different nutritional requirements as well.
If someone is going to say something like that, I'm going to say where is your proof. And how, by the way, did he study the nutritional needs of 180 different breeds of dogs? With what groups did he work with? Where there any controls?
I read his site and pretty much dismissed them, because he likes to state many things as facts without backing them, or he uses facts to cause an assumption of cause effect with a number of his statements.
For example, in his free book he has this statement.
"Another negative aspect of giving vitamin C to a healthy dog is the risk taken when we replace one of the functions of a healthy dog's liver (producing the vitamin C that its own body requires).
By adding vitamin C to the dog's diet we can cause the dog's liver to stop working as it should. This can best be equated to feeding thyroid medication to a dog with a normal thyroid gland."

We DO know that thyroid medication can cause a reduction in thyroid production... Now where is the proof that supplementing Vit C can do the same thing in dogs? Because B is a fact, does not make A a fact, yet he has linked them, and taken something that is factual to back his argument.
That's fine. But I have never heard of this guy as any kind of authority.
As with anything, I highly suggest speaking to your vet, and with experienced breeders of your breed to find out if a course of action is plausible for the results you want.

Bentleysmommie 04-25-2013 09:19 PM

Okay here's what you need to do. If the puppies ears were up and now they are down you have a vitamin difficiency. What type of food are you feeding? I would go with a holistic meal, like Halo or blue buffalo. Secondly you need a puppy multivitamin just a simple one to jump start it. Then shave the hair on the ears to reduce the weight and tape them up.

Belle Noir 04-25-2013 09:30 PM

I can't edit, because of the time, but this guy is full of it.
If you look in his site, he says quite clearly that you cannot compare humans to dogs, and we know this is true. THEN he goes on and says this..
"It is not just the raw meat that can cause today's domesticated dog harm. Raw vegetables can also do damage. The Glycemic Index of Foods (Internet web site at www.glycemic.com) shows that raw carrot can cause the pancreas to produce much more insulin than the same amount of cooked carrot. The overload of insulin will then cause the dogs liver to have problems the same as a diabetic human would experience. The Glycemic Index of Foods list over 1,000 raw and cooked meats and vegetable food sources and shows us that we MUST choose what we put into an animals diet with care. We are seeing an increase in the number of diabetic dogs and the correlation between the growing popularity of feeding dogs a raw food diet and this disease can not be ignored."
The site that he links is for PEOPLE (there IS a link for pet foods there though). How does he correlate that because did he not say that what goes for people you cannot assume goes for animals?
Now I followed the link, I looked around the site, I could not find the information I was looking for, which was the glycemic index of carrots.. So I did a search for glycemic index of carrots. Interestingly enough that site did not come up on the first page. What did come up is this..
"The glycemic index is a numerical scale that ranks foods and beverages on their potential to raise your blood sugar and your insulin levels. Foods and beverages that rank above 70 are considered "high GI" foods and are likely to raise your blood sugar rapidly. Foods and beverages that fall below 55 on the scale are considered "low GI" foods and are not likely to raise your blood sugar quickly or any sizable amount.
Unlike some foods, the glycemic index of carrots can vary to a fairly significant degree. According to Harvard Medical School, carrots have a glycemic index ranking of 47, plus or minus 16. There are many factors that go into determining the glycemic index ranking of a food, including how much the food is cooked and how much the food is processed. Cooked carrots, for instance, have a glycemic index of 39. Fresh 100 percent carrot juice has a glycemic index of 45. Canned carrots that have been processed would likely be among the higher GI types of carrots."
Then there is this..
"Dr. Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., a clinical nutrition specialist and author of the book "The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth," suggests that you should absolutely not let the glycemic index of carrots deter you from eating them, even if you are on a diet. Bowden explains that glycemic load, rather than the glycemic index, is a far more significant measuring stick for how a food affects your blood sugar and insulin levels. Dr. Bowden points out that carrots have a glycemic load of 3, which he calls "ridiculously low." Despite the low-to-moderate glycemic index rating, carrots are very unlikely to significantly affect your blood sugar. If you are a diabetic, please talk to your doctor if you have not been eating carrots and wish to add them to your diet."

From The Glycemic Index Of Carrots | LIVESTRONG.COM
Now, I'm no mathematician, but 47 + 16 = 63, which is < 70.
Basically, he lied. Whether knowingly or unknowingly, according to THAT information, what he states as a fact is a lie. And when you look at other sites, carrots are considered low gycemic index, and COOKED carrots tend to be higher, which is the opposite of what he said.
Not to mention he correlated what happens with humans as the same thing as what happens in dogs, with no proof that there IS a correlation AFTER saying that humans are not dogs and what applies to one doesn't mean it applies to the other.

Someone on another site said it best. He is SELLING his "breed specific diets" in books at 30 bucks a pop, and that "while he's apparently a trained biochemist, he's not a canine nutritional scientist".
Any info on William D Cusick & his recommended dog diets?

navillusc 04-26-2013 05:09 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Belle Noir (Post 4197125)
...Someone on another site said it best. He is SELLING his "breed specific diets" in books at 30 bucks a pop, and that "while he's apparently a trained biochemist, he's not a canine nutritional scientist".


I completely agree that he's got some facts correct but quite obviously most of his conclusions wrong...likely a fear factor advertising technique. He is absolutely SELLING 'a product' and that is most certainly a determining factor for me...the 'gain/loss' vs. 'truth' factor...not to mention that I could easily critique what he wrote into a volume of my own. :p:D

From my research, Dr. Jonny Bowden is absolutely correct in that it is not the GI that must be focused on. Way too much emphasis is being put on the Glycemic Index...whole diet plans are being sold on TV based on the GI, and while the GI is interesting, it is also not completely accurate since every food is not 'standardized' in its nutritional content across every stick of celery or carrot or lettuce leaf.

It is also not 'the feeding of raw' that causes issues. Feeding cooked reduces some benefits of some foods, but with carrots, for example, certain benefits are gained from raw, while there are other benefits from cooked carrots. It is absolutely NOT carrots, etc., that cause diabetes. The 'cause' is known and has been for longer than I have been alive.

Since, there is a huge difference between a whole carrot and a 'carrot extractive' or chemical synthesized to emulate the 'active ingredient' that is beneficial in a 'natural' carrot...then selling the stripped out particle as a 'carrot' supplement, so...my musing was completely related to the 'chemicals' being used as supplementation for Vitamin C enhancement and replacement when there is inadequate supplies naturally. We know there are multiple ways to get natural Vitamin C, and many different Vitamin C supplement types, including the esters.

Today's food supply is so lacking in so many ways and has so much stuff that should not be consumed at all that supplementation (as well as detoxification) is sometimes beneficial and/or essential. I prefer natural supplementation (a raw, steamed, or juiced carrot) rather than chemical supplementation (a chemically compounded pill). I am aware that certain sources of Vitamin A (not carrots...lol) can be quite harmful to humans, for example, and I was just wondering if you or anyone else was aware of a 'proper' (for a canine and/or /Yorkie) product/food/supplement source/brand to obtain Vitamin C for those Yorkies that appear to need it. I know canines are 'stressed' nutritionally, as are humans, today.

Curiosity...on my part...but I do want to thank you for all the work you did. I am sure many will gain benefit by the information you have so thoughtfully provided. This can be a seriously confusing subject. Thanks, again. :)

pstinard 04-26-2013 05:48 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Belle Noir (Post 4197112)
I don't know, I have been lucky I guess because both yorkies and the papillon ears stood with no problem. All three of them had up ears when I got them, and though Sabre did need a little help because of the weight of his fur, shaving his ear down did the trick.
The papi is teething again, so we have a bad dog... (the family joke is we know when she's thinking about being a bad dog because one of her ears starts to flop), but her ears will go up again, and papi breeders say if they start with their ears up, they'll end with their ears up.
The Vit C I first heard about from a miniature bull terrier breeder, and then I have seen it off and on again through the years, primarily through the book of Wendell whatever his name is in one of those links, lol.

By the way, I did see that site, but I have no idea what this guys credentials are. How does he have the authority to "provide dog owners with facts about dog breed specific nutritional requirements based on 18 years of Pharmacological testing which identified each dog breed's specific nutritional requirements". as he states?

He says on his site " In the 1970's and 1980's the U.S. Government published many studies that confirmed his findings. These can be found in the 1985 National Research Council book, Nutrient Requirements of Dogs". What were these findings? Where were these finding published? In what journal were they peer reviewed?
We know it for a fact that two different breeds of dogs have different nutritional requirements. However, the fact remains that two different dogs within the same breed can have different nutritional requirements as well.
If someone is going to say something like that, I'm going to say where is your proof. And how, by the way, did he study the nutritional needs of 180 different breeds of dogs? With what groups did he work with? Where there any controls?
I read his site and pretty much dismissed them, because he likes to state many things as facts without backing them, or he uses facts to cause an assumption of cause effect with a number of his statements.
For example, in his free book he has this statement.
"Another negative aspect of giving vitamin C to a healthy dog is the risk taken when we replace one of the functions of a healthy dog's liver (producing the vitamin C that its own body requires).
By adding vitamin C to the dog's diet we can cause the dog's liver to stop working as it should. This can best be equated to feeding thyroid medication to a dog with a normal thyroid gland."

We DO know that thyroid medication can cause a reduction in thyroid production... Now where is the proof that supplementing Vit C can do the same thing in dogs? Because B is a fact, does not make A a fact, yet he has linked them, and taken something that is factual to back his argument.
That's fine. But I have never heard of this guy as any kind of authority.
As with anything, I highly suggest speaking to your vet, and with experienced breeders of your breed to find out if a course of action is plausible for the results you want.

I love a good scientific controversy! ;) Evidently, dogs are capable of producing their own vitamin C, so it's not necessary to add it to the diet. Here is a quote from that National Research Council book, Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, which can be found here ( Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised 1985 with tiny, tiny print):

"There is no adequate evidence to justify recommendation of routine vitamin C additions to the diet of the normal dog."

Now, having said that, I haven't read up yet on Vitamin C toxicity or the benefits of adding Vitamin C to the diet to get ears to stand up, but I'll do that and get back to you :).

pstinard 04-26-2013 05:56 AM

More on Vitamin C for dogs can be found at this website (and others, if you google it):

Vitamin C Overdose in Dogs | eHow.com

Purpose of Vitamin C in Dogs

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is responsible for a dog's immune system, blood and skin, collagen, and vitamin E production.



Natural Vitamin C

Dogs naturally produce vitamin C in their bodies. Every day, a dog will produce approximately 18 mg of vitamin C per pound. This means that a sixty pound dog will produce more than 1000 mg on their own each day. That's more than two supplement tablets, 500 mg each.



Vitamin C Supplements

There are a number of over-the-counter supplements available for dogs. Vitamin C supplements are oftentimes combined with other minerals and nutrients, like glucosamine. Supplements are typically in tablet form, in 325 mg and 500 mg strengths.



Uses for Vitamin C Supplements

It is not recommended to provide a daily vitamin C supplement to a dog, unless otherwise directed by a veterinarian. Because dogs naturally produce vitamin C, a supplement used long term can be detrimental to the natural production of the vitamin. Using vitamin C in a strong dose over a short period of time to help treat a specific ailment, such as an injury or infection, is appropriate and can be beneficial.



Overdose Dangers

The danger of vitamin C overdosing is that symptoms may not appear until permanent damage has been done. Damage can range from the inability to naturally produce his own vitamin C, to developing calcium oxalate crystals or stones in the urinary tract.





AnneJ68 04-26-2013 06:32 AM

Glad your Bentley's ears are up. My Bentley still has the lazy right ear. :( Going to do another round of taping this weekend.

navillusc 04-26-2013 08:27 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by pstinard (Post 4197259)
I love a good scientific controversy! ;) Evidently, dogs are capable of producing their own vitamin C, so it's not necessary to add it to the diet. Here is a quote from that National Research Council book, Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, which can be found here ( Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised 1985 with tiny, tiny print):

"There is no adequate evidence to justify recommendation of routine vitamin C additions to the diet of the normal dog."

Now, having said that, I haven't read up yet on Vitamin C toxicity or the benefits of adding Vitamin C to the diet to get ears to stand up, but I'll do that and get back to you :).


Hahahahaha...not exactly a "controversy" and maybe not even all that "scientific"...not from my perspective, anyway. I have worked with and know a lot of scientists in various fields, and I like science, but I am not a "scientist" (or "natural philosopher"...the original name before the word "scientist" was 'invented'...lol). I'd call this more like a friendly, objective, discussion. :D

I hope this is not a 'true' hijacking of the OP's thread...and if so, I apologize to the OP, and maybe should be on its own, but I appreciate the information. I have wondered why some of these things are used to help Yorkie ears come up myself...and how and why they work when they do.

Some of what I believe I have discovered to be true:

Dogs and cats, unlike humans, do actually manufacture Vitamin C. However, as I understand it, "ascorbic acid" is merely a component compound of the "whole" Vitamin that was named Vitamin C...and the first compound isolated out of Vitamin C. There are different 'forms' of "ascorbic acid" too and various sources of Vitamin C. I think some of the confusion comes in due to the 'supplements' industry/market. A "supplement" in pill form is (almost?) never a "whole" product, and typically is isolated/manufactured/chemically compounded/synthesized from various sources depending on the manufacturer...which also helps explain some of the varying prices, so if getting 'into' supplementation, I'd guess I'd have BUNCHES more to read...lmao...and I am not entirely there, and this is partly WHY I do minimal "supplements" but look for the 'supplement' in it's whole, original, NATURAL package. Vitamin C, for example, exists in rich quantities in paprika and cayenne, so I might 'supplement Vitamin C' by putting paprika and/or cayenne in/on my food, etc. Make sense? But...that's just me...:D

To my knowledge, there is NO toxicity with true Vitamin C. I am unsure if there is toxicity with "L-ascorbic acid" or "calcium ascorbate" or "magnesium ascorbate" or...all of which might be labeled "Vitamin C" and, well, you can maybe see what I mean. I am not necessarily saying that "ascorbic acid" is "good" or "bad"...just saying that "Vitamin C" is 'different' and I personally would be extremely cautious with large quantity supplementation for my Yorkies...less so with myself...:eek:;)...where more testing and experience are available...when supplementing with ascorbic acid. I would want to make sure I was using a proper compound for a canine...because, like all of here at YT, :2hearts2: I LOVE MY BABIES :2hearts2: and would not ever want to make an assumption and implement a solution based on an incorrect assumption that might genuinely be harmful.

To complicate further...and this is what I would do if I did use actual supplements...there are other moderating compounds that assist things like Vitamin C, A, and E...such as ALA. Water soluble vitamins and supplements may be excreted when taken in excess via liver and kidneys, since the body is a 'demand' system, but I would want to minimize the impact as well...only give what is needed, maybe a handful of mg more or less. Govt health organizations very often 'recommend' considerably less than what is actually needed as a 'daily required amount'...reasons to possibly explain this phenomenon are a separate discussion...so I wouldn't probably trust those. What I would do is use a whole food, preferably as clean of pesticides, no GMO, etc. as possible to supplement and let nature pick and choose the parts it wants and needs. If I felt I needed a supplement, it would be temporary and I would add the helpers while supplementing...I would take ALA with ACE to "refresh" them so I need less and my vital organs do less work. Make sense? Again, that's just me...:D





pstinard 04-26-2013 09:05 AM

Hi, I'm a scientist, but unfortunately, I'm a geneticist, not a veterinarian :cry:. But I LOVE scientific discussions!!! :) I think that the reasoning behind vitamin C supplementation for ear raising is that vitamin C aids in cartilage formation (cartilage is what holds the ears upright). That said, I don't know if there are any studies that show that vitamin C helps ears raise, and my understanding is that in normal, healthy dogs, vitamin C supplementation is not necessary (because dogs produce their own vitamin C) and could have adverse consequences. Here's another article on vitamin supplements for dogs from webmd that was produced in consultation with veterinarians:

Dog Vitamins and Supplements: Nutrition, Joint Health, and More

I agree with the poster who said that if you are going to try to supplement your puppy's vitamins, look to natural sources. Just be sure that the natural source is something that is not toxic to dogs, because certain foods that humans eat (like chocolate and onions) ARE toxic to dogs.

navillusc 04-26-2013 09:15 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by pstinard (Post 4197426)
Hi, I'm a scientist, but unfortunately, I'm a geneticist, not a veterinarian :cry:. But I LOVE scientific discussions!!! :) I think that the reasoning behind vitamin C supplementation for ear raising is that vitamin C aids in cartilage formation (cartilage is what holds the ears upright). That said, I don't know if there are any studies that show that vitamin C helps ears raise, and my understanding is that in normal, healthy dogs, vitamin C supplementation is not necessary (because dogs produce their own vitamin C) and could have adverse consequences. Here's another article on vitamin supplements for dogs from webmd that was produced in consultation with veterinarians:

Dog Vitamins and Supplements: Nutrition, Joint Health, and More

I agree with the poster who said that if you are going to try to supplement your puppy's vitamins, look to natural sources. Just be sure that the natural source is something that is not toxic to dogs, because certain foods that humans eat (like chocolate and onions) ARE toxic to dogs.

Hey, good to know you are a geneticist. :) We must talk more...or you must talk and I will listen and ask questions...:p. I LOVE GENETICS! I have 'studied' many subjects, and love these types of objective, investigative, theorizing discussions, but, I am still not a scientist! :D Whatever is given should be something that is not harmful. I am very interested in the addition of Vitamin C...I thought "up ears" was "genetic" and did not see a connection when ears are taped...or why it works...and sometimes it does not. That may be part of the reason...very interesting...thank you. :)

pstinard 04-26-2013 09:31 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by navillusc (Post 4197433)
Hey, good to know you are a geneticist. :) We must talk more...or you must talk and I will listen and ask questions...:p. I LOVE GENETICS! I have 'studied' many subjects, and love these types of objective, investigative, theorizing discussions, but, I am still not a scientist! :D Whatever is given should be something that is not harmful. I am very interested in the addition of Vitamin C...I thought "up ears" was "genetic" and did not see a connection when ears are taped...or why it works...and sometimes it does not. That may be part of the reason...very interesting...thank you. :)

Hey, navillusc, I've only been on YorkieTalk for a few days, but I'm sure you'll see me around the forums in the future :). I'm pretty good at nutrition, because I studied human nutrition, and I'm good at discussing DNA markers and genetic diseases. I might have studied to be a doctor if I weren't afraid of blood, LOL! I do like to look for corroborating evidence and reputable links that provide further information, but if I mess up, don't be afraid to call me out. See you around!

navillusc 04-26-2013 09:37 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by pstinard (Post 4197453)
Hey, navillusc, I've only been on YorkieTalk for a few days, but I'm sure you'll see me around the forums in the future :). I'm pretty good at nutrition, because I studied human nutrition, and I'm good at discussing DNA markers and genetic diseases. I might have studied to be a doctor if I weren't afraid of blood, LOL! I do like to look for corroborating evidence and reputable links that provide further information, but if I mess up, don't be afraid to call me out. See you around!

LMAO I am not afraid of blood, and I thought about the doctor thing myself, but there are some other icky things about doctoring, too...not just the blood. Yes...I will see you around most certainly! Take care! :p

Fatalivy 04-26-2013 11:37 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by AnneJ68 (Post 4197282)
Glad your Bentley's ears are up. My Bentley still has the lazy right ear. :( Going to do another round of taping this weekend.

I am sure your Bentley's ear will go up. He is still young and probably teething. I was panicking because mine was turning 1yr old and I was feeling as if the older he got, the less of a chance it would go up. I think today is day 3 and it is still up. It does flop when he walks though, so, I am not going to get too excited just yet.

msyorktown 04-26-2013 04:04 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Fatalivy (Post 4197571)
I am sure your Bentley's ear will go up. He is still young and probably teething. I was panicking because mine was turning 1yr old and I was feeling as if the older he got, the less of a chance it would go up. I think today is day 3 and it is still up. It does flop when he walks though, so, I am not going to get too excited just yet.

I have the same problem...Jersey is 10mths old now and one ear still flops after one day. ::sigh:: back to taping....

barkleylove 04-26-2013 06:17 PM

Same here, Maggie is 8 1/2 months old and her right ear decided to flop around Easter. When she looks up at me it goes up but any other time it's down. The groomer trimmed her ears but didn't shave them, so I think I'll try that and see what happens.


All times are GMT -8. The time now is 04:58 PM.

Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.9
Copyright ©2000 - 2025, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.
Copyright ©2003 - 2018 YorkieTalk.com
Privacy Policy - Terms of Use


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168