How would an owner outdoor train a dog if they didn't let them go outside young?

Not everybody thinks pottying on pads in the house is acceptable.
IMO sometimes there is too much of a line drawn between large and small breeds. Both get sick, both get parvo and distemper, both can die from it. So if it's not ok for small breeds to go out young, why is it ok for large breeds (assuming they stopped weaning at the same time and have had the same vaccines - even if the number of vaccines is 0)? Very few people would let a large breed dog go on pads while its shots were being given.
Ry came to me with an unknown vaccine history. We were careful, but we weren't going to stop him from going outside either. He was expected to go potty outside, he was allowed around a dog that I knew the vaccine history of, etc.