I'm curious: are the genes for these conditions (or other conditions endemic to yorkies) known? Are they caused by a single gene, or linked? Are they caused by recessive genes?
Also, since these conditions turn up later in life, how do you know your breeding stock will not pass this condition on to puppies? Does anyone here have lines they are 100% (or 99%

) positive will not have any of these problems?
Just looking to learn more. Thanks!