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KYBLUE · 06-24-2008, 08:18 AM

this was a test preformed on drawing blood on dog and puppies

(′äl·ə′gē·mē·ə)
(medicine) A state in which the total blood volume is reduced.

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Summary A standardized hemorrhagic shock was produced in 42 mongrel puppies (1147±496 g) and 13 adult dogs (27.0±4.0 kg) under Pentothal or Halothanenitrous oxide anesthesia. The blood volume (per kg body weight) given off was the same in both groups.
With the puppies the initial blood loss was 34.5 ml/kg±9.7 ml/kg and the maximal blood loss 41.5±11.0 ml/kg. The corresponding values in the group of adult dogs were 32.0±7.0 ml/kg and 45.7±9.3 ml/kg (>0.05).
Oligemia was tolerated by the puppies for 87.0±49.1 minutes and by the adult dogs for 223±124 minutes (p<0.001). Only one puppy survived longer than 48 hours. The others died after an average of 137±132 minutes. Of the adult dogs three survived. The others died after an average time of 190±116 minutes.
Puppies tolerate the controlled hypotension of 40 mm Hg less well than adult dogs.
The heart rate of the puppies decreased with the withdrawal of blood and remained low during the entire period of oligemia. In the grown-up dogs, the heart rate continuously rose to more than 210 beats/min.
During hypotension the rectal temperature of the puppies dropped from 37.8 °C to 35.3 °C, whereas it remained practically unchanged in the adult dogs.
In whelps the hematocrit decreased from 25% to 18% during bleeding and remained low during the entire period of oligemia. In the grown up dogs, the temporary and minor drop in hematocrit was noted.
During blood withdrawal cardiac output decreased from 200 ml/kg·min to 60 ml/kg·min in the puppies and from 120 ml/kg·min to 35 ml/kg·min in the adult dogs, i.e. to 30% of control in both groups. Subsequent reinfusion caused cardiac output to return to but 55% of the starting value in the puppies and to more than 77% in the adult animals. A significant correlation between the renewed rise of cardiac output and survival time existed in the puppies.
Erythrocyte flow (cardiac output·hematocrit) per kg body weight prior to bleeding and during the hypotensive phase was equal in both groups.
In both groups stroke volume dropped initially to 30 to 35% of control value. During oligemia stroke volume rose to 60% in the puppies but decreased to 28% in the adult dogs.
During the oligemic phase, the total vascular resistance increased by 20 to 40% in adult dogs compared to the control value. In the puppies this value was even higher during some phases of the oligemia. In both age groups the total peripheral resistance showed but a transient fall with the reinfusion of the blood.
Insufficient total blood flow cannot explain the reduced tolerance of hemorrhagic shock in puppies compared to adult dogs.

06-24-2008, 08:18 AM	#103
KYBLUE No Longer a Member Join Date: Mar 2008 Location: ky Posts: 735	(′äl·ə′gē·mē·ə) this was a test preformed on drawing blood on dog and puppies (′äl·ə′gē·mē·ə) (medicine) A state in which the total blood volume is reduced. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Summary A standardized hemorrhagic shock was produced in 42 mongrel puppies (1147±496 g) and 13 adult dogs (27.0±4.0 kg) under Pentothal or Halothanenitrous oxide anesthesia. The blood volume (per kg body weight) given off was the same in both groups. With the puppies the initial blood loss was 34.5 ml/kg±9.7 ml/kg and the maximal blood loss 41.5±11.0 ml/kg. The corresponding values in the group of adult dogs were 32.0±7.0 ml/kg and 45.7±9.3 ml/kg (>0.05). Oligemia was tolerated by the puppies for 87.0±49.1 minutes and by the adult dogs for 223±124 minutes (p<0.001). Only one puppy survived longer than 48 hours. The others died after an average of 137±132 minutes. Of the adult dogs three survived. The others died after an average time of 190±116 minutes. Puppies tolerate the controlled hypotension of 40 mm Hg less well than adult dogs. The heart rate of the puppies decreased with the withdrawal of blood and remained low during the entire period of oligemia. In the grown-up dogs, the heart rate continuously rose to more than 210 beats/min. During hypotension the rectal temperature of the puppies dropped from 37.8 °C to 35.3 °C, whereas it remained practically unchanged in the adult dogs. In whelps the hematocrit decreased from 25% to 18% during bleeding and remained low during the entire period of oligemia. In the grown up dogs, the temporary and minor drop in hematocrit was noted. During blood withdrawal cardiac output decreased from 200 ml/kg·min to 60 ml/kg·min in the puppies and from 120 ml/kg·min to 35 ml/kg·min in the adult dogs, i.e. to 30% of control in both groups. Subsequent reinfusion caused cardiac output to return to but 55% of the starting value in the puppies and to more than 77% in the adult animals. A significant correlation between the renewed rise of cardiac output and survival time existed in the puppies. Erythrocyte flow (cardiac output·hematocrit) per kg body weight prior to bleeding and during the hypotensive phase was equal in both groups. In both groups stroke volume dropped initially to 30 to 35% of control value. During oligemia stroke volume rose to 60% in the puppies but decreased to 28% in the adult dogs. During the oligemic phase, the total vascular resistance increased by 20 to 40% in adult dogs compared to the control value. In the puppies this value was even higher during some phases of the oligemia. In both age groups the total peripheral resistance showed but a transient fall with the reinfusion of the blood. Insufficient total blood flow cannot explain the reduced tolerance of hemorrhagic shock in puppies compared to adult dogs.