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Old 07-14-2013, 04:46 AM   #1
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Exclamation Rabies Vax Study Summary Rabies Challenge Fund

Summary of The Rabies Challenge Fund Duration of Immunity Study

A study conducted according to the USDA Title 9 canine vaccine licensing standard, was begun more than five years ago. The purpose was to determine if the duration of immunity from commercially available rabies vaccines was longer than 3 years, with the goal of extending state-mandated rabies boosters for dogs to 5, and then 7 years.

The first rabies vaccine studied was selected based on the superior response it provided in the USDA challenge trials for licensing. Another licensed rabies vaccine was administered to a second, separate group of dogs 2 years after the first study began so that a minimum of two commercially available rabies vaccines would be tested.

The second vaccine selected is the one currently administered to a very high percentage of dogs. Both vaccines demonstrated excellent protection based on antibody testing for each of the first three study years. However, fewer than 30% of dogs in the first vaccine group, now five years since vaccination, had serum rabies antibody titer levels considered positive on the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). (Note: RFFIT is the rabies titer standard established by the Centers for Disease Control within the USA [0.1 IU/mL] and the World Health Organization [0.5 IU/mL] for export to other rabies-free locations to be adequate to protect humans, not dogs, against rabies. There is no established standard for dogs, which means that the human standards must be extrapolated when assessing protection for other species.) Some of the dogs with low or no detected RFFIT antibody were further tested to determine if they had “immunologic memory”. This in vitro test shows whether memory is present or not, even in cases when serum antibody cannot be detected at a level considered to be protective. The results of this further testing indicated that most of the dogs vaccinated five years ago, even without a positive RFFIT, do have “immunologic memory”. As soon as a USDA licensed facility can be reserved, we plan to challenge some of those dogs with rabies virus to determine if the memory response demonstrated actually correlates with protection.

Our conclusion from studies with the initial rabies vaccine is that the immunity conferred by that product, and assessed by the in vitro RFFIT, was excellent for the first three years, but declined during the fourth year, and continued to drop during the fifth year. The second vaccine group, which is now three years from vaccination, will remain on study for at least two more years.

Principal Investigator, Dr. Ronald Schultz of the University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, is preparing results of the study and details described above for scientific peer review and publication. That data will be made available to the public as soon as our paper has been accepted for publication. After completion of the peer-review process, it is our hope that this data will establish the world’s first canine rabies titer standard. If this data is further verified by challenge, it will provide a solid scientific base enabling states to incorporate titer clauses into their laws.

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Old 07-14-2013, 09:06 AM   #2
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Well, darn. Sure would be nice if the DOI was longer. I'll be interested to see what happens with Group 2. Perhaps that will prove more hopeful.

Thanks, as always, for keeping us so informed!
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Old 07-14-2013, 09:51 AM   #3
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Sounds promising! Thanks for posting!
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Old 07-14-2013, 10:11 AM   #4
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Thank you for posting this.
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Old 07-14-2013, 03:49 PM   #5
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Well, darn. Sure would be nice if the DOI was longer. I'll be interested to see what happens with Group 2. Perhaps that will prove more hopeful.

Thanks, as always, for keeping us so informed!
My thoughts exactly.
With even memory cell protection looking questionable i wouldn't be comortable moving to every 5 years. Disappointing but thankful Dr. Schultz cares enough to do the study.
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Old 07-14-2013, 05:43 PM   #6
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Thanks for posting this great information!
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Old 07-14-2013, 05:47 PM   #7
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Well, darn. Sure would be nice if the DOI was longer. I'll be interested to see what happens with Group 2. Perhaps that will prove more hopeful.

Thanks, as always, for keeping us so informed!
I was hoping for longer also. I'm curious if the size of dog would be a factor. Yorkies get such a higher percentage of vaccine compared to other breeds based upon their small size, but I have no idea if this would affect how much immunity they would have.
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Old 07-15-2013, 02:51 AM   #8
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Well, darn. Sure would be nice if the DOI was longer. I'll be interested to see what happens with Group 2. Perhaps that will prove more hopeful.

Thanks, as always, for keeping us so informed!
We are not done with the studies. The immunologic memory response findings were very high in the dogs tested with no or low RFFIT results. Those memory responses are a strong indication of protection, and based on that data, Dr. Dodds, Dr. Schultz and I expect the challenge to verify the results.
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Old 07-15-2013, 02:54 AM   #9
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With even memory cell protection looking questionable
There was nothing questionable about the immunologic memory response results, if they had been questionable, we would not be proceeding with the challenge of the first group of dogs.
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Old 07-15-2013, 02:55 AM   #10
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Sounds promising! Thanks for posting!
I believe this is very promising as well!
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Old 07-15-2013, 02:56 AM   #11
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Thank you for posting this.
My pleasure!
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Old 07-15-2013, 02:56 AM   #12
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Thanks for posting this great information!
You're welcome.
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Old 07-15-2013, 03:00 AM   #13
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The second vaccine selected is the one currently administered to a very high percentage of dogs. Both vaccines demonstrated excellent protection based on antibody testing for each of the first three study years. However, fewer than 30% of dogs in the first vaccine group, now five years since vaccination, had serum rabies antibody titer levels considered positive on the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). (Note: RFFIT is the rabies titer standard established by the Centers for Disease Control within the USA [0.1 IU/mL] and the World Health Organization [0.5 IU/mL] for export to other rabies-free locations to be adequate to protect humans, not dogs, against rabies. There is no established standard for dogs, which means that the human standards must be extrapolated when assessing protection for other species.) Some of the dogs with low or no detected RFFIT antibody were further tested to determine if they had “immunologic memory”. This in vitro test shows whether memory is present or not, even in cases when serum antibody cannot be detected at a level considered to be protective. The results of this further testing indicated that most of the dogs vaccinated five years ago, even without a positive RFFIT, do have “immunologic memory”. As soon as a USDA licensed facility can be reserved, we plan to challenge some of those dogs with rabies virus to determine if the memory response demonstrated actually correlates with protection. ]
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We are not done with the studies. The immunologic memory response findings were very high in the dogs tested with no or low RFFIT results. Those memory responses are a strong indication of protection, and based on that data, Dr. Dodds, Dr. Schultz and I expect the challenge to verify the results.
This is what confuses me. "Most" (not all) dogs had high cellular immunity. "Most" is shaky ground when I think of rabies.
It will be interesting to see what the challenge study shows.
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Old 07-15-2013, 05:36 AM   #14
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This is what confuses me. "Most" (not all) dogs had high cellular immunity. "Most" is shaky ground when I think of rabies.
It will be interesting to see what the challenge study shows.
As far as I am aware, there is no vaccine on the market that is 100% effective in 100% of animals (human or otherwise). The USDA Title 9 rabies vaccine licensing code only requires a demonstration of 88% efficacy, and at one time I am told it was a mere 80%. That is the standard to which all rabies vaccines licensed and currently in use have been tested, including any used to immunize your dog(s).

Of the 49 human cases of rabies reported by the Centers for Disease Control from 1995 through 2011, not one case was contracted from a dog or cat in the United States. 35 bats, 1 fox, 1 racoon, 1 mongoose CDC - Rabies Surveillance in the U.S.: Human Rabies - Rabies, so you can rest assured the data indicates the standard is working to protect humans even though there is estimated to be a large percentages of dog owners who never vaccinate their animals against rabies.
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Old 07-15-2013, 06:18 AM   #15
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Our conclusion from studies with the initial rabies vaccine is that the immunity conferred by that product, and assessed by the in vitro RFFIT, was excellent for the first three years, but declined during the fourth year, and continued to drop during the fifth year. The second vaccine group, which is now three years from vaccination, will remain on study for at least two more years.
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This is what confuses me. "Most" (not all) dogs had high cellular immunity. "Most" is shaky ground when I think of rabies.
It will be interesting to see what the challenge study shows.
Agree .

Plus, the titer results (in and of themselves) don't mean a whole lot. It's really the challenge that that will have meaning. In practice, titers are only accurate in as far as they may help confirm whether or not a dog has had a vaccine....titers do not confirm/prove immunity to the disease.
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