I will be dog sitting for a friend's yorkie over Thanksgiving. She daily gives her dog a carrot, out of the fridge, uncooked. One of the small ones, of course.
There are plenty of people foods that you can safely give to dogs. Stay away from Xylitol, an artificial sweetener that can be found in all kinds of foods, including some brands of peanut butter(!) It is poison to dogs and will kill them. Sometimes it is spelled differently, but it is still poison. You should never give grapes or raisins, and no onions. This means table scraps, which might have onion cooked in are even more of a no-no.
Good foods include pumpkin, blueberries, green beans, apples, kale, and broccoli. But, always in moderation. Introduce new foods in small amounts, more of a taste test or potential treat. If your dog hates it, it would never be a treat, now would it?